Looks simply like the bolt fell out, and since (as others note), the blade assembly acts as a flywheel, it may be a cause of the no-start, or a symptom. In any case, it looks like you should be able to reattach it by replacing the one bolt, so it would seem that that would be a cheap and easy test.
If you decide to replace, and since you seem to keep your equipment a long time, don't forget to consider the finite life of batteries on electrics, and due to thier proprietary nature, the relatively short period of time durimg which replacement batts are available.