Well now I'm a bit (more?) confused. You call the Comet a torque converter, yet say it's a CVT, unlike gokarts. My Gokart torque converter works almost exactly the same way, in that the front (engine) pulley dia totally adjusts to engine speed, as it seems like this one does. Am I missing something? Maybe I am misunderstanding your meaning.
The gearbox that the belt drives, is a FWD/REV box only. It doesn't alter any speeds or change ratios.
I will try my best to get through this but some times I'm not that good at explaining myself.
Comet is a company that makes CTV transmissions but calls them Comet torque converters, why I don't know. I don't know their history but for myself I have worked on Comet CTV transmissions in snowmobiles since in the early 60s and as far as I know they still are making them.
Now as for go carts. There has to be a lot of different set ups and different brands of go carts and seeing the only ones I ever worked on were my grandsons. which was like 15 years ago. What they had was just a simple single speed on and off torque converter. You may well have a CTV transmission in your go-cart. I don't know what you have???
As to what I can see in the picture you have a CTV transmission which is two pulleys that work just the opposite from each other which acts as a automatic transmission and this drives a FWD/REV gearbox. Like I said earlier this transmission is being used more all the time. A lot of car companies are using CTV transmissions now like Ford, Chrysler, Nissan. Most any ATV with a automatic transmission uses it now along with all snowmobiles and it sound like your go cart does.
If you would really like to know more on how this transmission works you can find a lot on the web which I am sure they would be better at it then me