Update: Have made some progress with the mower, but still not totally out of the woods or 100% normal...here's what I figured out today and what is going on now.
All along, my father-in-law suspected this piece that looks like a trailer plug type thing, #13 on the wiring diagram, a "Molded Diode plug". Well, when I took it into the mechanic at the local Ariens/Gravely dealer and told him where it hooked up to on the mower, etc, he told me that it didn't mean anything or do anything for my mower, that it was basically just a "filler" for where another wiring harness would normally plug in on other models, etc. Well, turns out that after figuring out one of the spots in that piece that apparently is supposed to have continuity or voltage but wasn't getting it, we kind of rigged it to where it would work, and *tada*, it starts and runs...sort of......
However, now it is doing a couple of things that aren't quite right and I'm not sure why. For one, the parking brake switch seems to be reversed now, meaning it will NOT start with the parking brake ENGAGED, but rather it will only start with the parking brake DISENGAGED....then, after starting right up and running AND mowing fine and well with the throttle set about midway (the little latch between slowest and full throttle), if I adjust the throttle down (to kick the idle down before shutting it down), it will sputter, die, AND blow the 30 amp fuse, but if I replace that 30A fuse and leave it running at that same throttle point, I can turn it off via the key and it doesn't effect the fuse at all, I can start it back up with no problem....
Any ideas what might cause what it has going on now? Could it be that molded diode plug just needs replaced altogether to make the proper connections and correct what it is doing, or do I still have wiring issues somewhere somehow??